Groups' Sizes

In any event, size is one of the determining factors in deciding

whether or not it is possible that the voluntary, rational pursuit of

individual interest will bring forth group-oriented behavior. Small

groups will further their common interests better than large groups.

The question asked earlier in this chapter can now be answered.

It now seems that small groups are not only quantitatively, but also

qualitatively, different from large groups, and that the existence of

large associations cannot be explained in terms of the same factors

that explain the existence of small groups.

The Logic of Collective Action. Olson, Mancur. Page 52

The differences between both group, large groups and small groups not only differ on sizes. The individual interest of how small groups takes decision is because they have a common interest. The small groups make more accurate decisions. “We found that if you increase group size, you see the wisdom-of-crowds benefit, but if the group gets too large there is an over-reliance on high-correlation information.”  I think, it means some people think that their opinion are the best.  But sometimes increasing the size of members in a group does increase the resources available to the group and therefore the group’s potential productivity, but I think that would be a good idea before creating an group to consider that depends on the number of individuals who will make the decisions, and also be careful with the type of people you select to create a group, because I think it does not matter if the group is large or small if they all have the same beliefs and ideas, which will make that they probably take the same decision. As responsible of creating a group, you should know what the group is for, because small groups are not always the best for certain decisions or fights. I am one that say, “If we are more, we become stronger.” So, for me both types of groups have their advantages and disadvantages. For example, if we need to fight for our rights, I will create a big group. But if it is for taking a decision in a “X” company, I prefer to create a small group.

Fighting for Rights.

From Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka (1)

Decided by: Warren Court (1953-1954)

Black children were denied admission to public schools attended by white children under laws requiring or permitting segregation according to the races. The white and black schools approached equality in terms of buildings, curricula, qualifications, and teacher salaries. This case was decided together with Briggs v. Elliott and Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County.

Question

“Does the segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race deprive the minority children of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment?”

“Racial segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on minority children because it is interpreted as a sign of inferiority.”

https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483 11/28/2015

                Helping to end with the segregation this case was brought to the court. The equality must be for all children in the schools, but those kids were enduring to see how white kids had different type of schools in terms of building, curricula, qualifications and teacher salaries. Brown had the strengths to help black kids to get their rights. He brought the case to the court and the court decided that the black and white kids will continue separated but equal doctrine.

I chose this passage thinking about, why the differences? We are human beings, the color does not mean anything. To learn and be smart we only need to work hard and keep focusing on what we want. As the answer states a part, “Racial segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on minority children because it is interpreted as a sign of inferiority.” We are equal, I do not like to make differences between people. Sometimes when I read or hear about how black people were treated it only makes me feel sad thinking in about how their discriminated. I cannot find reason to treat other people different, to make them feel inferior, to hurt their feelings and to ignore that they are human beings.

               

New Hope and Faith for the Americans- From President Reagan

The economic ills we suffer have come upon us over several decades. They will not go away in days, weeks, or months, but they will go away. They will go away because we as Americans have the capacity now, as we've had in the past, to do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom.

Well, this administration's objective will be a healthy, vigorous, growing economy that provides equal opportunities for all Americans, with no barriers born of bigotry or discrimination. Putting America back to work means putting all Americans back to work. Ending inflation means freeing all Americans from the terror of runaway living costs. All must share in the productive work of this "new beginning," and all must share in the bounty of a revived economy. With the idealism and fair play which are the core of our system and our strength, we can have a strong and prosperous America, at peace with itself and the world.

www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=43130 11/20/2015

www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpPt7xGx4Xo 11/20/2015

 During President Reagan’s speech, President Reagan wanted people kept the faith and hope in this country, that together with the government we could find solution to the problems. President Reagan wanted people kept believing in the warranty of having freedom. President Reagan knew that for many decades United States was suffering because its economic situation, but he was speaking about a new beginning; a new hope. He wanted to include the people as part of the solution of the social and economic problems which came from the past. President Reagan said, “We are American,” so this words inspire power, faith in all people who consider being American. He spoke about opportunity, and equality for all. However, we cannot forget that we have a Congress which means that is not only with the opinions and decisions of a government that the country will find be the best alternatives to try to get our country with all the best decisions of benefits for the people and for the country.

In my opinion, President Reagan had a good speech about how to help American with a new beginning; a new future and how to reconstruct the nation, how to keep the faith and hope. However, sometimes the government wants to try to resolve the problems that are or have been product of other past administrations, and it is not too easy to deal with this. I can see how a president or other politic person offers a lot benefits for the people, a lot promises, and sometimes any of these promises will be accomplished. Some people lives despair, they do not believe in any words said by any politician. It is not the government that has the power in its hands, this nation has a Congress which means, that there are to wait for revising the decision taken.

Talking About the Congress

The U.S. Congress is divided up into two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House is the larger and more democratic body, made up of 435 representatives drawn from multiple districts within each state. House Representatives serve two-year terms with no term limits meaning there is no limit to the number of times they can be re-elected. Senators serve six-year terms also with no term limits. The House is supposed to be more democratic because since they represent smaller districts they are supposed to be more accountable to the people who represent those districts. Although overall approval of Congress is low according to public opinion polls, the re-election rate of members of Congress is almost 90 percent, meaning that once someone is elected to Congress they have an enormous advantage over un-elected challengers. It also suggests that while people may disapprove of the actions (or lack of action) of Congress as a whole, most people seem to be satisfied with their Congressional representation. However, members of Congress do not seem to react the same way in every issue area, meaning in some areas, they are more representative of what the people in district or state want, in some areas they seem to act with more independence. Generally speaking, members of Congress seem to be more receptive to their districts or state on domestic issues, but on foreign affairs issues seem to act more on their own.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population

The U.S Congress is divided into important parts: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Both are very important for the U.S Congress because both have their responsibilities, for example, one of the important function of members of Congress is to represent the people of their particular district or state, and also enacts legislation for the nation as a whole. This representation takes two basic forms: policy representation and service. The Congress also has the constitutional power to make decisions regarding the spending of tax revenues. Even though, the House of Representatives has more members than the Senate both have a balance with the Congress’ decisions before taking any decision. According this paragraph, House Representatives serve two-year and without term limit and they can be re-elected. However, the article said that the Congress react different with different issues.

In my opinion, the Congress is doing a good job: being the voice for the people when they together unify their voices and decisions. So, we feel good knowing that someone is representing us, and is choosing the right decisions that some of us want.

                

How I can Celebrate...I have not reason. ( F.D ) 10/31/2015

What, then, remains to be argued? Is it that slavery is not divine; that God did not establish it; that our doctors of divinity are mistaken? There is blasphemy in the thought. That which is inhuman, cannot be divine! Who can reason on such a proposition? They that can, may; I cannot. The time for such argument is passed.

At a time like this, scorching irony, not convincing argument, is needed. O! had I the ability, and could reach the nation's ear, I would, to-day, pour out a fiery stream of biting ridicule, blasting reproach, withering sarcasm, and stern rebuke. For it is not light that is needed, but fire; it is not the gentle shower, but thunder. We need the storm, the whirlwind, and the earthquake. The feeling of the nation must be quickened; the conscience of the nation must be roused; the propriety of the nation must be startled; the hypocrisy of the nation must be exposed; and its crimes against God and man must be proclaimed and denounced.

What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciation of tyrants, brass fronted impudence; your shouts of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanksgivings, with all your religious parade and solemnity, are, to Him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy-a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of the United States, at this very hour.

                According to Frederick Douglass, slavery is not a divine because it is when the freedom for all men end. The hard pain exist when people limit the capacity of living free to others. How it could be an act of celebrating during July fourth when some people were enduring the abuse committed by their owners. How the United States of America can show a face of happiness when thousands of people continue being forced to do labors without any payments, living in bad conditions, being hitting, being selling by owners, being treating like merchandise. They are human beings like anybody. Douglass expressed that it was a crime against God and against other people. For him, the United States of America need to change, need to demonstrate equality. People are born free, not to be humiliated. He expressed his sadness in front of the world, when I read this article, I could feel how sad he sound, how he felt with the treatment that slaves had.

                I chose these paragraph because I consider the importance of his words when Douglass expressed in his words how the United Stated of America could celebrate this day when others people were enduring the ways in which they were treated. I think for Douglass there were not motives for celebration, not happiness, only an emotional pain, disagreement for remember the pain that others were having, the injustice,  where is the moral? Where was the equality? Where was the freedom? Douglass felt deception when he wrote those words.

My Opinion of Report of the Woman's Rights Convention

Whereas, the great precept of nature is conceded to be, "that man shall pursue his own true and substantial happiness," Blackstone, in his Commentaries, remarks, that this law of Nature being coeval with mankind, and dictated by God himself, is of course superior in obligation to any other.1  It is binding over all the globe, in all countries, and at all times; no human laws are of any validity if contrary to this, and such of them as are valid, derive all their force, and all their validity, and all their authority, mediately and immediately, from this original; Therefore,

                Elizabeth Cady Staton held a convention at Seneca Falls on 19, 20 July 1848 about women’s rights where she obtained one vote in favor of it. At that convention some changes were suggested and adopted. It was discussed in animated manner, but concluding that the final decision had to be the next day. Papers were circulated to obtain signature in the afternoon. Words were mentioned like, “that man shall pursue his own true and substantial happiness.” Thursday morning E.C. Staton read the Declaration of Sentiments which was freely discussed equal. About all the rights she suggested between men and women, also this words were mentioned, “all men and women are created equal that they endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursue of happiness, that to secure these rights government are instituted, deriving them just power from the consent of governed.” In spite of the rights mentioned that women should have, she expressed that men never permitted them exercise or express their ideas, men deprived women of her right to vote, oppressed women on all sides. To conclude, men on those time destroyed women confidence in or our power.

Now, in view of this entire disfranchisement of one-half the people of this country, their social and religious degradation,—in view of the unjust laws above mentioned, and because women do feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and fraudulently deprived of their most sacred rights, we insist that they have immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of these United States.

                I choose Declaration of Sentiment because I could see how strong the woman can be when she decides to rise her voice to claim her rights. Elizabeth Cady Staton demonstrated how we can fight for our right, and it was not only to the United States. However, in other countries women continue being treated with less rights than men, and it is not fair. As a woman, I can say we need to continue fighting for our rights in any place of the world. Staton was very strong when she decided that she will represent women in those times (1848’s), when maybe she risked her life to try to defend women. I think she always will be remember for her courage of defending women’s rights, and end the contempt to make women feel inferior to men.

Possition

In a democracy, no one person should wield so much power for so long. Article III of the Constitution provides that federal judges “shall hold their offices during good behaviour.” In practice this language means they serve for life absent voluntary retirement or impeachment. Were we to draft the Constitution today, we would be wise to reconsider this provision.

Revisiting the Constitution: We Need Term Limits for Federal Judges

http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/07/08/another-stab-at-the-us-constitution/revisiting-the-constitution-we-need-term-limits-for-federal-judges, 10/06/2015

                In the first sentence of this paragraph, it could mean that nobody should be working in a place for long time, and having so much power exercising his/her work. According to the paragraph when it mention that in article III of the Constitution, federal judges can be in their work places as long as they have good behaviors, it is necessary to maintain a good position at any work place. People need to follow the rules, and if the federal judges are doing a good job I think they can continue doing it. It does not matter how old they are, it is their job and if they feel that they have the capacity to exercise good for them.

                I decided to choose this paragraph because it is just that if a person is capable of exercising his job, so he/she can continue having it. It is not fair because you have certain age that you have to leave your job when you still having the capacity of doing a great or excellent work. Moreover, there are a lot of people who like to be working always. There is no reason why a person should stop from working. Now, if for any physical or mental reason the person is no capable of doing your job. In the other hand of my opinion,